Optical microscopy is one of the most important tool for understanding biology processes. Recently with the advance of femtosecond laser all the nonlinear optical processes have been included into optical microscopy methods and Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy has emerged as a powerful new optical imaging tool with applications in disease diagnostics \[1-2\]. The ``gold standard'' in cancer diagnostics is still the traditional histology analysis where accuracy depends on the experience and interpretation skill of the pathologist. A major development would be to use the SHG microscopy as a quantitative tool to cancer diagnosis. Here we show SHG imaging results of the collagen fibers in prostate cancer tissue that can be directly correlated with the cancer malignancy diagnostic \[3\]. We performed SHG imaging in a back-scattering geometry on the histological slides from the same biopsies that were analyzed by the pathologist. We studied prostate from patients treated at the the Urology Center of UFMG Hospital, Belo Horizonte. A 1 mm diameter punch biopsy was extracted from multiple peripheral zone of the prostate showing normal tissue and cancer tissue with Gleason scores ranging from 3 to 5. The study was approved by the UFMG Institutional Review Board and the Brazilian National Health Committee on the use of humans as experimental subjects. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their biopsy procedures. Figure 1 shows SHG images for normal and cancer tissue. The SHG images show major differences on the collagen fiber alignment that changes with cancer progression. The average direction of the fibers in the image was calculated and we obtained a value for the fiber anisotropy \[4\]. The statistical analysis is presented in the boxplot in figure 1. Note that both the average values (crosses) and the median lines (black center lines) are well separated for the normal and cancer tissue.

Despite the advanced stage of diamond thin-film technology, with applications ranging from superconductivity to biosensing, the realization of a stable and atomically thick two-dimensional diamond material, named here as diamondene, is still forthcoming. Adding to the outstanding properties of its bulk and thin-film counterparts, diamondene is predicted to be a ferromagnetic semiconductor with spin polarized bands. Here, we provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of diamondene by performing Raman spectroscopy of double-layer graphene under high pressure. The results are explained in terms of a breakdown in the Kohn anomaly associated with the finite size of the remaining graphene sites surrounded by the diamondene matrix. Ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations are employed to clarify the mechanism of diamondene formation, which requires two or more layers of graphene subjected to high pressures in the presence of specific chemical groups such as hydroxyl groups or hydrogens.

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) employing the Lennard-Jones (LJ) interaction potential was used to compute the heat capacities of argon at constant volume \CV\ and constant pressure \CP\ near the critical point very close to the asymptotic region. The accurate \MD\ calculation of critical divergences was shown to be related to a careful choice of the cutoff radius rc and the inclusion of long-range corrections in the \LJ\ potential. The computed \CP\ and \CV\ values have very good agreement as compared to available \NIST\ data. Furthermore, values of \CV\ in a range of temperatures for which \NIST\ data is not available could be computed. In the investigated range of temperatures, both \CP\ and \CV\ \MD\ results were fitted to a simple mathematical expression based on an empirical model that describes the critical effects when the asymptotic models are not appropriate. The present approach is of general applicability and robust to compute thermophysical properties of fluids in the near-critical region.

Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in the world. In this article we present results on the development, characterization and immunogenic evaluation of an alternative vaccine candidate against Dengue.